Data Scientist Nanodegree

Convolutional Neural Networks

Project: Write an Algorithm for a Dog Identification App

This notebook walks you through one of the most popular Udacity projects across machine learning and artificial intellegence nanodegree programs. The goal is to classify images of dogs according to their breed.

If you are looking for a more guided capstone project related to deep learning and convolutional neural networks, this might be just it. Notice that even if you follow the notebook to creating your classifier, you must still create a blog post or deploy an application to fulfill the requirements of the capstone project.

Also notice, you may be able to use only parts of this notebook (for example certain coding portions or the data) without completing all parts and still meet all requirements of the capstone project.


In this notebook, some template code has already been provided for you, and you will need to implement additional functionality to successfully complete this project. You will not need to modify the included code beyond what is requested. Sections that begin with '(IMPLEMENTATION)' in the header indicate that the following block of code will require additional functionality which you must provide. Instructions will be provided for each section, and the specifics of the implementation are marked in the code block with a 'TODO' statement. Please be sure to read the instructions carefully!

In addition to implementing code, there will be questions that you must answer which relate to the project and your implementation. Each section where you will answer a question is preceded by a 'Question X' header. Carefully read each question and provide thorough answers in the following text boxes that begin with 'Answer:'. Your project submission will be evaluated based on your answers to each of the questions and the implementation you provide.

Note: Code and Markdown cells can be executed using the Shift + Enter keyboard shortcut. Markdown cells can be edited by double-clicking the cell to enter edit mode.

The rubric contains optional "Stand Out Suggestions" for enhancing the project beyond the minimum requirements. If you decide to pursue the "Stand Out Suggestions", you should include the code in this IPython notebook.


Why We're Here

In this notebook, you will make the first steps towards developing an algorithm that could be used as part of a mobile or web app. At the end of this project, your code will accept any user-supplied image as input. If a dog is detected in the image, it will provide an estimate of the dog's breed. If a human is detected, it will provide an estimate of the dog breed that is most resembling. The image below displays potential sample output of your finished project (... but we expect that each student's algorithm will behave differently!).

Sample Dog Output

In this real-world setting, you will need to piece together a series of models to perform different tasks; for instance, the algorithm that detects humans in an image will be different from the CNN that infers dog breed. There are many points of possible failure, and no perfect algorithm exists. Your imperfect solution will nonetheless create a fun user experience!

The Road Ahead

We break the notebook into separate steps. Feel free to use the links below to navigate the notebook.

  • Step 0: Import Datasets
  • Step 1: Detect Humans
  • Step 2: Detect Dogs
  • Step 3: Create a CNN to Classify Dog Breeds (from Scratch)
  • Step 4: Use a CNN to Classify Dog Breeds (using Transfer Learning)
  • Step 5: Create a CNN to Classify Dog Breeds (using Transfer Learning)
  • Step 6: Write your Algorithm
  • Step 7: Test Your Algorithm

Step 0: Import Datasets

Import Dog Dataset

In the code cell below, we import a dataset of dog images. We populate a few variables through the use of the load_files function from the scikit-learn library:

  • train_files, valid_files, test_files - numpy arrays containing file paths to images
  • train_targets, valid_targets, test_targets - numpy arrays containing onehot-encoded classification labels
  • dog_names - list of string-valued dog breed names for translating labels
In [1]:
from sklearn.datasets import load_files       
from keras.utils import np_utils
import numpy as np
from glob import glob

# define function to load train, test, and validation datasets
def load_dataset(path):
    data = load_files(path)
    dog_files = np.array(data['filenames'])
    dog_targets = np_utils.to_categorical(np.array(data['target']), 133)
    return dog_files, dog_targets

# load train, test, and validation datasets
train_files, train_targets = load_dataset('../../../data/dog_images/train')
valid_files, valid_targets = load_dataset('../../../data/dog_images/valid')
test_files, test_targets = load_dataset('../../../data/dog_images/test')

# load list of dog names
dog_names = [item[20:-1] for item in sorted(glob("../../../data/dog_images/train/*/"))]

# print statistics about the dataset
print('There are %d total dog categories.' % len(dog_names))
print('There are %s total dog images.\n' % len(np.hstack([train_files, valid_files, test_files])))
print('There are %d training dog images.' % len(train_files))
print('There are %d validation dog images.' % len(valid_files))
print('There are %d test dog images.'% len(test_files))
Using TensorFlow backend.
There are 133 total dog categories.
There are 8351 total dog images.

There are 6680 training dog images.
There are 835 validation dog images.
There are 836 test dog images.
In [28]:
indices, counts = np.unique(np.argmax(train_targets, axis = -1), return_counts = True)

dog_data_counts = dict()
labels = []
for idx in indices:
    dog_data_counts[dog_names[idx].split('.')[-1]] = counts[idx]
dog_data_counts
Out[28]:
{'Affenpinscher': 64,
 'Afghan_hound': 58,
 'Airedale_terrier': 52,
 'Akita': 63,
 'Alaskan_malamute': 77,
 'American_eskimo_dog': 64,
 'American_foxhound': 50,
 'American_staffordshire_terrier': 66,
 'American_water_spaniel': 34,
 'Anatolian_shepherd_dog': 50,
 'Australian_cattle_dog': 66,
 'Australian_shepherd': 66,
 'Australian_terrier': 46,
 'Basenji': 69,
 'Basset_hound': 73,
 'Beagle': 59,
 'Bearded_collie': 62,
 'Beauceron': 50,
 'Bedlington_terrier': 48,
 'Belgian_malinois': 62,
 'Belgian_sheepdog': 64,
 'Belgian_tervuren': 47,
 'Bernese_mountain_dog': 65,
 'Bichon_frise': 62,
 'Black_and_tan_coonhound': 37,
 'Black_russian_terrier': 41,
 'Bloodhound': 64,
 'Bluetick_coonhound': 35,
 'Border_collie': 74,
 'Border_terrier': 52,
 'Borzoi': 56,
 'Boston_terrier': 65,
 'Bouvier_des_flandres': 45,
 'Boxer': 64,
 'Boykin_spaniel': 53,
 'Briard': 65,
 'Brittany': 50,
 'Brussels_griffon': 57,
 'Bull_terrier': 69,
 'Bulldog': 53,
 'Bullmastiff': 69,
 'Cairn_terrier': 63,
 'Canaan_dog': 50,
 'Cane_corso': 64,
 'Cardigan_welsh_corgi': 53,
 'Cavalier_king_charles_spaniel': 67,
 'Chesapeake_bay_retriever': 54,
 'Chihuahua': 54,
 'Chinese_crested': 50,
 'Chinese_shar-pei': 50,
 'Chow_chow': 62,
 'Clumber_spaniel': 49,
 'Cocker_spaniel': 47,
 'Collie': 57,
 'Curly-coated_retriever': 50,
 'Dachshund': 65,
 'Dalmatian': 71,
 'Dandie_dinmont_terrier': 50,
 'Doberman_pinscher': 47,
 'Dogue_de_bordeaux': 60,
 'English_cocker_spaniel': 61,
 'English_setter': 53,
 'English_springer_spaniel': 53,
 'English_toy_spaniel': 39,
 'Entlebucher_mountain_dog': 42,
 'Field_spaniel': 33,
 'Finnish_spitz': 34,
 'Flat-coated_retriever': 63,
 'French_bulldog': 51,
 'German_pinscher': 47,
 'German_shepherd_dog': 62,
 'German_shorthaired_pointer': 48,
 'German_wirehaired_pointer': 42,
 'Giant_schnauzer': 41,
 'Glen_of_imaal_terrier': 44,
 'Golden_retriever': 64,
 'Gordon_setter': 43,
 'Great_dane': 40,
 'Great_pyrenees': 59,
 'Greater_swiss_mountain_dog': 46,
 'Greyhound': 56,
 'Havanese': 61,
 'Ibizan_hound': 46,
 'Icelandic_sheepdog': 50,
 'Irish_red_and_white_setter': 37,
 'Irish_setter': 53,
 'Irish_terrier': 66,
 'Irish_water_spaniel': 51,
 'Irish_wolfhound': 53,
 'Italian_greyhound': 58,
 'Japanese_chin': 57,
 'Keeshond': 44,
 'Kerry_blue_terrier': 35,
 'Komondor': 44,
 'Kuvasz': 49,
 'Labrador_retriever': 43,
 'Lakeland_terrier': 50,
 'Leonberger': 46,
 'Lhasa_apso': 42,
 'Lowchen': 34,
 'Maltese': 48,
 'Manchester_terrier': 29,
 'Mastiff': 58,
 'Miniature_schnauzer': 42,
 'Neapolitan_mastiff': 31,
 'Newfoundland': 50,
 'Norfolk_terrier': 46,
 'Norwegian_buhund': 26,
 'Norwegian_elkhound': 45,
 'Norwegian_lundehund': 33,
 'Norwich_terrier': 44,
 'Nova_scotia_duck_tolling_retriever': 54,
 'Old_english_sheepdog': 39,
 'Otterhound': 35,
 'Papillon': 63,
 'Parson_russell_terrier': 30,
 'Pekingese': 48,
 'Pembroke_welsh_corgi': 53,
 'Petit_basset_griffon_vendeen': 31,
 'Pharaoh_hound': 39,
 'Plott': 28,
 'Pointer': 32,
 'Pomeranian': 44,
 'Poodle': 50,
 'Portuguese_water_dog': 34,
 'Saint_bernard': 30,
 'Silky_terrier': 41,
 'Smooth_fox_terrier': 30,
 'Tibetan_mastiff': 48,
 'Welsh_springer_spaniel': 44,
 'Wirehaired_pointing_griffon': 30,
 'Xoloitzcuintli': 26,
 'Yorkshire_terrier': 30}
In [29]:
indices, counts = np.unique(np.argmax(train_targets, axis = -1), return_counts = True)

dog_data_counts = dict()
labels = []
for idx in indices:
    dog_data_counts[dog_names[idx].split('.')[-1]] = counts[idx]
In [30]:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline

plt.figure(figsize = (25, 15))

indices, counts = np.unique(np.argmax(train_targets, axis = -1), return_counts = True)

dog_data_counts = dict()
labels = []
for idx in indices:
    dog_data_counts[dog_names[idx].split('.')[-1]] = counts[idx]
    
plt.bar(list(dog_data_counts.keys()), list(dog_data_counts.values()))
plt.xticks(rotation = 90)

plt.xlabel('Dog Breeds Name')
plt.ylabel('Number of Images')
plt.title('Distribution of images in the training dataset');
In [31]:
print('breed with minimum images: ',min(dog_data_counts.items(), key=lambda x: x[1]))
print('breed with maximum images: ',max(dog_data_counts.items(), key=lambda x: x[1]))
print('average images per breed: ',np.mean(np.array(list(dog_data_counts.values()))))
breed with minimum images:  ('Norwegian_buhund', 26)
breed with maximum images:  ('Alaskan_malamute', 77)
average images per breed:  50.2255639098
In [32]:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline

plt.figure(figsize = (25, 15))

indices, counts = np.unique(np.argmax(valid_targets, axis = -1), return_counts = True)

dog_data_counts = dict()
labels = []
for idx in indices:
    dog_data_counts[dog_names[idx].split('.')[-1]] = counts[idx]
    
plt.bar(list(dog_data_counts.keys()), list(dog_data_counts.values()))
plt.xticks(rotation = 90)

plt.xlabel('Dog Breeds Name')
plt.ylabel('Number of Images')
plt.title('Distribution of images in the training dataset');
In [33]:
print('breed with minimum images: ',min(dog_data_counts.items(), key=lambda x: x[1]))
print('breed with maximum images: ',max(dog_data_counts.items(), key=lambda x: x[1]))
print('average images per breed: ',np.mean(np.array(list(dog_data_counts.values()))))
breed with minimum images:  ('American_water_spaniel', 4)
breed with maximum images:  ('Alaskan_malamute', 9)
average images per breed:  6.27819548872
In [2]:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline

plt.figure(figsize = (25, 15))

indices, counts = np.unique(np.argmax(test_targets, axis = -1), return_counts = True)

dog_data_counts = dict()
labels = []
for idx in indices:
    dog_data_counts[dog_names[idx].split('.')[-1]] = counts[idx]
    
plt.bar(list(dog_data_counts.keys()), list(dog_data_counts.values()))
plt.xticks(rotation = 90)

plt.xlabel('Dog Breeds Name')
plt.ylabel('Number of Images')
plt.title('Distribution of images in the training dataset');
In [35]:
print('breed with minimum images: ', min(dog_data_counts.items(), key=lambda x: x[1]))
print('breed with maximum images: ', max(dog_data_counts.items(), key=lambda x: x[1]))
print('average images per breed: ', np.mean(np.array(list(dog_data_counts.values()))))
breed with minimum images:  ('Manchester_terrier', 3)
breed with maximum images:  ('Alaskan_malamute', 10)
average images per breed:  6.28571428571

Import Human Dataset

In the code cell below, we import a dataset of human images, where the file paths are stored in the numpy array human_files.

In [36]:
import random
random.seed(8675309)

# load filenames in shuffled human dataset
human_files = np.array(glob("../../../data/lfw/*/*"))
random.shuffle(human_files)

# print statistics about the dataset
print('There are %d total human images.' % len(human_files))
There are 13233 total human images.

Step 1: Detect Humans

We use OpenCV's implementation of Haar feature-based cascade classifiers to detect human faces in images. OpenCV provides many pre-trained face detectors, stored as XML files on github. We have downloaded one of these detectors and stored it in the haarcascades directory.

In the next code cell, we demonstrate how to use this detector to find human faces in a sample image.

In [3]:
import cv2                
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt                        
%matplotlib inline                               

# extract pre-trained face detector
face_cascade = cv2.CascadeClassifier('haarcascades/haarcascade_frontalface_alt.xml')

# load color (BGR) image
img = cv2.imread(human_files[3])
# convert BGR image to grayscale
gray = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

# find faces in image
faces = face_cascade.detectMultiScale(gray)

# print number of faces detected in the image
print('Number of faces detected:', len(faces))

# get bounding box for each detected face
for (x,y,w,h) in faces:
    # add bounding box to color image
    cv2.rectangle(img,(x,y),(x+w,y+h),(255,0,0),2)
    
# convert BGR image to RGB for plotting
cv_rgb = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)

# display the image, along with bounding box
plt.imshow(cv_rgb)
plt.show()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-3-3d3cec2dfe3c> in <module>()
      7 
      8 # load color (BGR) image
----> 9 img = cv2.imread(human_files[3])
     10 # convert BGR image to grayscale
     11 gray = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

NameError: name 'human_files' is not defined

Before using any of the face detectors, it is standard procedure to convert the images to grayscale. The detectMultiScale function executes the classifier stored in face_cascade and takes the grayscale image as a parameter.

In the above code, faces is a numpy array of detected faces, where each row corresponds to a detected face. Each detected face is a 1D array with four entries that specifies the bounding box of the detected face. The first two entries in the array (extracted in the above code as x and y) specify the horizontal and vertical positions of the top left corner of the bounding box. The last two entries in the array (extracted here as w and h) specify the width and height of the box.

Write a Human Face Detector

We can use this procedure to write a function that returns True if a human face is detected in an image and False otherwise. This function, aptly named face_detector, takes a string-valued file path to an image as input and appears in the code block below.

In [ ]:
# returns "True" if face is detected in image stored at img_path
def face_detector(img_path):
    img = cv2.imread(img_path)
    gray = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
    faces = face_cascade.detectMultiScale(gray)
    return len(faces) > 0

(IMPLEMENTATION) Assess the Human Face Detector

Question 1: Use the code cell below to test the performance of the face_detector function.

  • What percentage of the first 100 images in human_files have a detected human face?
  • What percentage of the first 100 images in dog_files have a detected human face?

Ideally, we would like 100% of human images with a detected face and 0% of dog images with a detected face. You will see that our algorithm falls short of this goal, but still gives acceptable performance. We extract the file paths for the first 100 images from each of the datasets and store them in the numpy arrays human_files_short and dog_files_short.

Answer:

  1. percentage of the first 100 images in human_files: 100%
  2. percentage of the first 100 images in dog_files: 11%
In [39]:
from PIL import Image

human_files_short = human_files[:100]
dog_files_short = train_files[:100]
# Do NOT modify the code above this line.

## TODO: Test the performance of the face_detector algorithm 
## on the images in human_files_short and dog_files_short.

tp_human = 0
for human_file_short in human_files_short:
    if face_detector(human_file_short):
        tp_human += 1
    else: 
        print('Not Detected Faces')
        plt.imshow(Image.open(human_file_short))
        plt.show()
        
print('Count true positive of face detector:', tp_human)

fp_human = 0
for dog_file_short in dog_files_short:
    if face_detector(dog_file_short):
        fp_human += 1
        print("Dog recognized as a human")
        plt.imshow(Image.open(dog_file_short))
        plt.show()
        
print('Count false positive of face detector: ', fp_human)
Count true positive of face detector: 100
Dog recognized as a human
Dog recognized as a human
Dog recognized as a human
Dog recognized as a human
Dog recognized as a human
Dog recognized as a human
Dog recognized as a human
Dog recognized as a human
Dog recognized as a human
Dog recognized as a human
Dog recognized as a human
Count false positive of face detector:  11

Question 2: This algorithmic choice necessitates that we communicate to the user that we accept human images only when they provide a clear view of a face (otherwise, we risk having unneccessarily frustrated users!). In your opinion, is this a reasonable expectation to pose on the user? If not, can you think of a way to detect humans in images that does not necessitate an image with a clearly presented face?

Answer: Quite resoanable depends on the user's requirement, although we could tell them if we add more 'filter' to our pipeline, it will be cost the infrastructure more, but we have alternative approach to add another 'layer' classifier that trains with human and dog faces.

We suggest the face detector from OpenCV as a potential way to detect human images in your algorithm, but you are free to explore other approaches, especially approaches that make use of deep learning :). Please use the code cell below to design and test your own face detection algorithm. If you decide to pursue this optional task, report performance on each of the datasets.

In [40]:
## (Optional) TODO: Report the performance of another  
## face detection algorithm on the LFW dataset
### Feel free to use as many code cells as needed.

Step 2: Detect Dogs

In this section, we use a pre-trained ResNet-50 model to detect dogs in images. Our first line of code downloads the ResNet-50 model, along with weights that have been trained on ImageNet, a very large, very popular dataset used for image classification and other vision tasks. ImageNet contains over 10 million URLs, each linking to an image containing an object from one of 1000 categories. Given an image, this pre-trained ResNet-50 model returns a prediction (derived from the available categories in ImageNet) for the object that is contained in the image.

In [4]:
from keras.applications.resnet50 import ResNet50

# define ResNet50 model
ResNet50_model = ResNet50(weights='imagenet')
Downloading data from https://github.com/fchollet/deep-learning-models/releases/download/v0.2/resnet50_weights_tf_dim_ordering_tf_kernels.h5
102858752/102853048 [==============================] - 2s 0us/step

Pre-process the Data

When using TensorFlow as backend, Keras CNNs require a 4D array (which we'll also refer to as a 4D tensor) as input, with shape

$$ (\text{nb_samples}, \text{rows}, \text{columns}, \text{channels}), $$

where nb_samples corresponds to the total number of images (or samples), and rows, columns, and channels correspond to the number of rows, columns, and channels for each image, respectively.

The path_to_tensor function below takes a string-valued file path to a color image as input and returns a 4D tensor suitable for supplying to a Keras CNN. The function first loads the image and resizes it to a square image that is $224 \times 224$ pixels. Next, the image is converted to an array, which is then resized to a 4D tensor. In this case, since we are working with color images, each image has three channels. Likewise, since we are processing a single image (or sample), the returned tensor will always have shape

$$ (1, 224, 224, 3). $$

The paths_to_tensor function takes a numpy array of string-valued image paths as input and returns a 4D tensor with shape

$$ (\text{nb_samples}, 224, 224, 3). $$

Here, nb_samples is the number of samples, or number of images, in the supplied array of image paths. It is best to think of nb_samples as the number of 3D tensors (where each 3D tensor corresponds to a different image) in your dataset!

In [5]:
from keras.preprocessing import image                  
from tqdm import tqdm

def path_to_tensor(img_path):
    # loads RGB image as PIL.Image.Image type
    img = image.load_img(img_path, target_size=(224, 224))
    # convert PIL.Image.Image type to 3D tensor with shape (224, 224, 3)
    x = image.img_to_array(img)
    # convert 3D tensor to 4D tensor with shape (1, 224, 224, 3) and return 4D tensor
    return np.expand_dims(x, axis=0)

def paths_to_tensor(img_paths):
    list_of_tensors = [path_to_tensor(img_path) for img_path in tqdm(img_paths)]
    return np.vstack(list_of_tensors)

Making Predictions with ResNet-50

Getting the 4D tensor ready for ResNet-50, and for any other pre-trained model in Keras, requires some additional processing. First, the RGB image is converted to BGR by reordering the channels. All pre-trained models have the additional normalization step that the mean pixel (expressed in RGB as $[103.939, 116.779, 123.68]$ and calculated from all pixels in all images in ImageNet) must be subtracted from every pixel in each image. This is implemented in the imported function preprocess_input. If you're curious, you can check the code for preprocess_input here.

Now that we have a way to format our image for supplying to ResNet-50, we are now ready to use the model to extract the predictions. This is accomplished with the predict method, which returns an array whose $i$-th entry is the model's predicted probability that the image belongs to the $i$-th ImageNet category. This is implemented in the ResNet50_predict_labels function below.

By taking the argmax of the predicted probability vector, we obtain an integer corresponding to the model's predicted object class, which we can identify with an object category through the use of this dictionary.

In [6]:
from keras.applications.resnet50 import preprocess_input, decode_predictions

def ResNet50_predict_labels(img_path):
    # returns prediction vector for image located at img_path
    img = preprocess_input(path_to_tensor(img_path))
    return np.argmax(ResNet50_model.predict(img))

Write a Dog Detector

While looking at the dictionary, you will notice that the categories corresponding to dogs appear in an uninterrupted sequence and correspond to dictionary keys 151-268, inclusive, to include all categories from 'Chihuahua' to 'Mexican hairless'. Thus, in order to check to see if an image is predicted to contain a dog by the pre-trained ResNet-50 model, we need only check if the ResNet50_predict_labels function above returns a value between 151 and 268 (inclusive).

We use these ideas to complete the dog_detector function below, which returns True if a dog is detected in an image (and False if not).

In [7]:
### returns "True" if a dog is detected in the image stored at img_path
def dog_detector(img_path):
    prediction = ResNet50_predict_labels(img_path)
    return ((prediction <= 268) & (prediction >= 151)) 

(IMPLEMENTATION) Assess the Dog Detector

Question 3: Use the code cell below to test the performance of your dog_detector function.

  • What percentage of the images in human_files_short have a detected dog?
  • What percentage of the images in dog_files_short have a detected dog?

Answer:

  1. 0% human detected as dog.
  2. 100% dog detected as dog.
In [8]:
### TODO: Test the performance of the dog_detector function
### on the images in human_files_short and dog_files_short.

### returns "True" if a dog is detected in the image stored at img_path
def dog_detector(img_path):
    predicted_class = ResNet50_predict_labels(img_path)
    
    # Resnet distinguishes 118 (== 268-151+1) dog breeds
    return 151 <= predicted_class and predicted_class <= 268
In [46]:
fp_dog = 0
for human_file_short in human_files_short:
    if dog_detector(human_file_short):
        print('Human detected as dog')
        fp_dog += 1
        
print('Count false positive of dog detector: ', fp_dog)

tp_dog = 0
for dog_file_short in dog_files_short:
    if dog_detector(dog_file_short):
        tp_dog += 1
    else:
        print('Dog not Detected')
        plt.imshow(Image.open(dog_file_short))
        plt.show()
        
print('Count true positive of dog detector:', tp_dog)
Count false positive of dog detector:  0
Count true positive of dog detector: 100

Step 3: Create a CNN to Classify Dog Breeds (from Scratch)

Now that we have functions for detecting humans and dogs in images, we need a way to predict breed from images. In this step, you will create a CNN that classifies dog breeds. You must create your CNN from scratch (so, you can't use transfer learning yet!), and you must attain a test accuracy of at least 1%. In Step 5 of this notebook, you will have the opportunity to use transfer learning to create a CNN that attains greatly improved accuracy.

Be careful with adding too many trainable layers! More parameters means longer training, which means you are more likely to need a GPU to accelerate the training process. Thankfully, Keras provides a handy estimate of the time that each epoch is likely to take; you can extrapolate this estimate to figure out how long it will take for your algorithm to train.

We mention that the task of assigning breed to dogs from images is considered exceptionally challenging. To see why, consider that even a human would have great difficulty in distinguishing between a Brittany and a Welsh Springer Spaniel.

Brittany Welsh Springer Spaniel

It is not difficult to find other dog breed pairs with minimal inter-class variation (for instance, Curly-Coated Retrievers and American Water Spaniels).

Curly-Coated Retriever American Water Spaniel

Likewise, recall that labradors come in yellow, chocolate, and black. Your vision-based algorithm will have to conquer this high intra-class variation to determine how to classify all of these different shades as the same breed.

Yellow Labrador Chocolate Labrador Black Labrador

We also mention that random chance presents an exceptionally low bar: setting aside the fact that the classes are slightly imabalanced, a random guess will provide a correct answer roughly 1 in 133 times, which corresponds to an accuracy of less than 1%.

Remember that the practice is far ahead of the theory in deep learning. Experiment with many different architectures, and trust your intuition. And, of course, have fun!

Pre-process the Data

We rescale the images by dividing every pixel in every image by 255.

In [47]:
from PIL import ImageFile                            
ImageFile.LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES = True                 

# pre-process the data for Keras
train_tensors = paths_to_tensor(train_files).astype('float32')/255
valid_tensors = paths_to_tensor(valid_files).astype('float32')/255
test_tensors = paths_to_tensor(test_files).astype('float32')/255
100%|██████████| 6680/6680 [01:16<00:00, 87.65it/s] 
100%|██████████| 835/835 [00:08<00:00, 98.60it/s] 
100%|██████████| 836/836 [00:08<00:00, 99.51it/s] 

(IMPLEMENTATION) Model Architecture

Create a CNN to classify dog breed. At the end of your code cell block, summarize the layers of your model by executing the line:

    model.summary()

We have imported some Python modules to get you started, but feel free to import as many modules as you need. If you end up getting stuck, here's a hint that specifies a model that trains relatively fast on CPU and attains >1% test accuracy in 5 epochs:

Sample CNN

Question 4: Outline the steps you took to get to your final CNN architecture and your reasoning at each step. If you chose to use the hinted architecture above, describe why you think that CNN architecture should work well for the image classification task.

Answer: CNN has proven remarkably well on image/video task. The convolutional layer might be use to generate high level features to low level features, in low level features we want to capture features as much as we can, so you may see why we increase the filter size along the way. Max pooling has a role to capture only importance feature in a given number of kernel, and helps to reduces the dimensionality. For ReLU, it will benefits to reduce the chance/likehood of vanishing gradient.

In [9]:
from keras.layers import Conv2D, MaxPooling2D, GlobalAveragePooling2D
from keras.layers import Dropout, Flatten, Dense
from keras.models import Sequential

model = Sequential()

### TODO: Define your architecture.
model.add(Conv2D(input_shape=(224, 224, 3),filters=16, kernel_size=2 ,activation='relu'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2))

model.add(Conv2D(filters=32, kernel_size=2 ,activation='relu'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2))

model.add(Conv2D(filters=64, kernel_size=2 ,activation='relu'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2))

model.add(GlobalAveragePooling2D())
model.add(Dense(133, activation='softmax'))

model.summary()
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #   
=================================================================
conv2d_1 (Conv2D)            (None, 223, 223, 16)      208       
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_2 (MaxPooling2 (None, 111, 111, 16)      0         
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_2 (Conv2D)            (None, 110, 110, 32)      2080      
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_3 (MaxPooling2 (None, 55, 55, 32)        0         
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_3 (Conv2D)            (None, 54, 54, 64)        8256      
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_4 (MaxPooling2 (None, 27, 27, 64)        0         
_________________________________________________________________
global_average_pooling2d_1 ( (None, 64)                0         
_________________________________________________________________
dense_1 (Dense)              (None, 133)               8645      
=================================================================
Total params: 19,189
Trainable params: 19,189
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________

Compile the Model

In [49]:
model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop', loss='categorical_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])

(IMPLEMENTATION) Train the Model

Train your model in the code cell below. Use model checkpointing to save the model that attains the best validation loss.

You are welcome to augment the training data, but this is not a requirement.

In [10]:
from keras.callbacks import ModelCheckpoint  

### TODO: specify the number of epochs that you would like to use to train the model.

epochs = 25

### Do NOT modify the code below this line.

checkpointer = ModelCheckpoint(filepath='saved_models/weights.best.from_scratch.hdf5', 
                               verbose=1, save_best_only=True)

model.fit(train_tensors, train_targets, 
          validation_data=(valid_tensors, valid_targets),
          epochs=epochs, batch_size=20, callbacks=[checkpointer], verbose=1)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-10-34d352e642af> in <module>()
     10                                verbose=1, save_best_only=True)
     11 
---> 12 model.fit(train_tensors, train_targets, 
     13           validation_data=(valid_tensors, valid_targets),
     14           epochs=epochs, batch_size=20, callbacks=[checkpointer], verbose=1)

NameError: name 'train_tensors' is not defined

Load the Model with the Best Validation Loss

In [51]:
model.load_weights('saved_models/weights.best.from_scratch.hdf5')

Test the Model

Try out your model on the test dataset of dog images. Ensure that your test accuracy is greater than 1%.

In [52]:
# get index of predicted dog breed for each image in test set
dog_breed_predictions = [np.argmax(model.predict(np.expand_dims(tensor, axis=0))) for tensor in test_tensors]

# report test accuracy
test_accuracy = 100*np.sum(np.array(dog_breed_predictions)==np.argmax(test_targets, axis=1))/len(dog_breed_predictions)
print('Test accuracy: %.4f%%' % test_accuracy)
Test accuracy: 5.7416%

Step 4: Use a CNN to Classify Dog Breeds

To reduce training time without sacrificing accuracy, we show you how to train a CNN using transfer learning. In the following step, you will get a chance to use transfer learning to train your own CNN.

Obtain Bottleneck Features

In [53]:
bottleneck_features = np.load('bottleneck_features/DogVGG16Data.npz')
train_VGG16 = bottleneck_features['train']
valid_VGG16 = bottleneck_features['valid']
test_VGG16 = bottleneck_features['test']

Model Architecture

The model uses the the pre-trained VGG-16 model as a fixed feature extractor, where the last convolutional output of VGG-16 is fed as input to our model. We only add a global average pooling layer and a fully connected layer, where the latter contains one node for each dog category and is equipped with a softmax.

In [54]:
VGG16_model = Sequential()
VGG16_model.add(GlobalAveragePooling2D(input_shape=train_VGG16.shape[1:]))
VGG16_model.add(Dense(133, activation='softmax'))

VGG16_model.summary()
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #   
=================================================================
global_average_pooling2d_4 ( (None, 512)               0         
_________________________________________________________________
dense_4 (Dense)              (None, 133)               68229     
=================================================================
Total params: 68,229
Trainable params: 68,229
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________

Compile the Model

In [55]:
VGG16_model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='rmsprop', metrics=['accuracy'])

Train the Model

In [56]:
checkpointer = ModelCheckpoint(filepath='saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5', 
                               verbose=1, save_best_only=True)

VGG16_model.fit(train_VGG16, train_targets, 
          validation_data=(valid_VGG16, valid_targets),
          epochs=20, batch_size=20, callbacks=[checkpointer], verbose=1)
Train on 6680 samples, validate on 835 samples
Epoch 1/20
6620/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 12.1594 - acc: 0.1326Epoch 00001: val_loss improved from inf to 10.77510, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
6680/6680 [==============================] - 4s 619us/step - loss: 12.1491 - acc: 0.1329 - val_loss: 10.7751 - val_acc: 0.2024
Epoch 2/20
6620/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 9.8881 - acc: 0.2935Epoch 00002: val_loss improved from 10.77510 to 9.75139, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 289us/step - loss: 9.8799 - acc: 0.2939 - val_loss: 9.7514 - val_acc: 0.3042
Epoch 3/20
6560/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 9.2112 - acc: 0.3593Epoch 00003: val_loss improved from 9.75139 to 9.54976, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 289us/step - loss: 9.2206 - acc: 0.3585 - val_loss: 9.5498 - val_acc: 0.3198
Epoch 4/20
6620/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 8.9043 - acc: 0.3952Epoch 00004: val_loss improved from 9.54976 to 9.31004, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 288us/step - loss: 8.9101 - acc: 0.3948 - val_loss: 9.3100 - val_acc: 0.3557
Epoch 5/20
6600/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 8.7973 - acc: 0.4162Epoch 00005: val_loss improved from 9.31004 to 9.18607, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 292us/step - loss: 8.7835 - acc: 0.4171 - val_loss: 9.1861 - val_acc: 0.3485
Epoch 6/20
6600/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 8.6197 - acc: 0.4359Epoch 00006: val_loss improved from 9.18607 to 9.10845, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 287us/step - loss: 8.6143 - acc: 0.4362 - val_loss: 9.1085 - val_acc: 0.3497
Epoch 7/20
6620/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 8.4089 - acc: 0.4459Epoch 00007: val_loss improved from 9.10845 to 8.96597, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 289us/step - loss: 8.4052 - acc: 0.4460 - val_loss: 8.9660 - val_acc: 0.3629
Epoch 8/20
6600/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 8.2690 - acc: 0.4632Epoch 00008: val_loss improved from 8.96597 to 8.80477, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 289us/step - loss: 8.2646 - acc: 0.4635 - val_loss: 8.8048 - val_acc: 0.3892
Epoch 9/20
6620/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 8.1961 - acc: 0.4686Epoch 00009: val_loss improved from 8.80477 to 8.75803, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 288us/step - loss: 8.1889 - acc: 0.4690 - val_loss: 8.7580 - val_acc: 0.3832
Epoch 10/20
6600/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 8.0350 - acc: 0.4811Epoch 00010: val_loss improved from 8.75803 to 8.66211, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 288us/step - loss: 8.0379 - acc: 0.4810 - val_loss: 8.6621 - val_acc: 0.3868
Epoch 11/20
6620/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 7.9590 - acc: 0.4885Epoch 00011: val_loss improved from 8.66211 to 8.47567, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 288us/step - loss: 7.9575 - acc: 0.4888 - val_loss: 8.4757 - val_acc: 0.4024
Epoch 12/20
6640/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 7.7718 - acc: 0.4968Epoch 00012: val_loss improved from 8.47567 to 8.41739, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 287us/step - loss: 7.7688 - acc: 0.4972 - val_loss: 8.4174 - val_acc: 0.3964
Epoch 13/20
6620/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 7.6399 - acc: 0.5088Epoch 00013: val_loss improved from 8.41739 to 8.30861, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 287us/step - loss: 7.6486 - acc: 0.5082 - val_loss: 8.3086 - val_acc: 0.4168
Epoch 14/20
6620/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 7.6052 - acc: 0.5165Epoch 00014: val_loss did not improve
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 287us/step - loss: 7.6125 - acc: 0.5159 - val_loss: 8.3832 - val_acc: 0.4096
Epoch 15/20
6620/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 7.6010 - acc: 0.5189Epoch 00015: val_loss did not improve
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 289us/step - loss: 7.5944 - acc: 0.5193 - val_loss: 8.3186 - val_acc: 0.4180
Epoch 16/20
6600/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 7.5573 - acc: 0.5212Epoch 00016: val_loss improved from 8.30861 to 8.25835, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 290us/step - loss: 7.5559 - acc: 0.5213 - val_loss: 8.2584 - val_acc: 0.4096
Epoch 17/20
6620/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 7.4025 - acc: 0.5260Epoch 00017: val_loss improved from 8.25835 to 8.17109, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 289us/step - loss: 7.4014 - acc: 0.5260 - val_loss: 8.1711 - val_acc: 0.4204
Epoch 18/20
6600/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 7.3388 - acc: 0.5356Epoch 00018: val_loss improved from 8.17109 to 8.14528, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 288us/step - loss: 7.3405 - acc: 0.5355 - val_loss: 8.1453 - val_acc: 0.4323
Epoch 19/20
6580/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 7.3134 - acc: 0.5403Epoch 00019: val_loss did not improve
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 288us/step - loss: 7.3199 - acc: 0.5398 - val_loss: 8.2429 - val_acc: 0.4299
Epoch 20/20
6600/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 7.1618 - acc: 0.5359Epoch 00020: val_loss improved from 8.14528 to 7.94188, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 289us/step - loss: 7.1707 - acc: 0.5353 - val_loss: 7.9419 - val_acc: 0.4263
Out[56]:
<keras.callbacks.History at 0x7f1318f055c0>

Load the Model with the Best Validation Loss

In [57]:
VGG16_model.load_weights('saved_models/weights.best.VGG16.hdf5')

Test the Model

Now, we can use the CNN to test how well it identifies breed within our test dataset of dog images. We print the test accuracy below.

In [58]:
# get index of predicted dog breed for each image in test set
VGG16_predictions = [np.argmax(VGG16_model.predict(np.expand_dims(feature, axis=0))) for feature in test_VGG16]

# report test accuracy
test_accuracy = 100*np.sum(np.array(VGG16_predictions)==np.argmax(test_targets, axis=1))/len(VGG16_predictions)
print('Test accuracy: %.4f%%' % test_accuracy)
Test accuracy: 42.5837%

Predict Dog Breed with the Model

In [59]:
from extract_bottleneck_features import *

def VGG16_predict_breed(img_path):
    # extract bottleneck features
    bottleneck_feature = extract_VGG16(path_to_tensor(img_path))
    # obtain predicted vector
    predicted_vector = VGG16_model.predict(bottleneck_feature)
    # return dog breed that is predicted by the model
    return dog_names[np.argmax(predicted_vector)]

Step 5: Create a CNN to Classify Dog Breeds (using Transfer Learning)

You will now use transfer learning to create a CNN that can identify dog breed from images. Your CNN must attain at least 60% accuracy on the test set.

In Step 4, we used transfer learning to create a CNN using VGG-16 bottleneck features. In this section, you must use the bottleneck features from a different pre-trained model. To make things easier for you, we have pre-computed the features for all of the networks that are currently available in Keras:

The files are encoded as such:

Dog{network}Data.npz

where {network}, in the above filename, can be one of VGG19, Resnet50, InceptionV3, or Xception. Pick one of the above architectures, download the corresponding bottleneck features, and store the downloaded file in the bottleneck_features/ folder in the repository.

(IMPLEMENTATION) Obtain Bottleneck Features

In the code block below, extract the bottleneck features corresponding to the train, test, and validation sets by running the following:

bottleneck_features = np.load('bottleneck_features/Dog{network}Data.npz')
train_{network} = bottleneck_features['train']
valid_{network} = bottleneck_features['valid']
test_{network} = bottleneck_features['test']
In [18]:
### TODO: Obtain bottleneck features from another pre-trained CNN.
# !wget https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/udacity-aind/dog-project/DogResnet50Data.npz
!wget https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/udacity-aind/dog-project/DogXceptionData.npz
!wget https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/udacity-aind/dog-project/DogVGG19Data.npz
--2021-06-23 17:53:38--  https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/udacity-aind/dog-project/DogXceptionData.npz
Resolving s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com (s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com)... 52.219.116.248
Connecting to s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com (s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com)|52.219.116.248|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 3352158914 (3.1G) [application/x-www-form-urlencoded]
Saving to: ‘DogXceptionData.npz.1’

DogXceptionData.npz   0%[                    ]       0  --.-KB/s    in 0s      


Cannot write to ‘DogXceptionData.npz.1’ (Success).
--2021-06-23 17:53:39--  https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/udacity-aind/dog-project/DogVGG19Data.npz
Resolving s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com (s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com)... 52.219.116.248
Connecting to s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com (s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com)|52.219.116.248|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 850230376 (811M) [application/x-www-form-urlencoded]
Saving to: ‘DogVGG19Data.npz.1’

DogVGG19Data.npz.1    0%[                    ]       0  --.-KB/s    in 0s      


Cannot write to ‘DogVGG19Data.npz.1’ (Success).
In [33]:
bottleneck_features = np.load('DogInceptionV3Data.npz')
train_InceptionV3 = bottleneck_features['train']
valid_InceptionV3 = bottleneck_features['valid']
test_InceptionV3 = bottleneck_features['test']

(IMPLEMENTATION) Model Architecture

Create a CNN to classify dog breed. At the end of your code cell block, summarize the layers of your model by executing the line:

    <your model's name>.summary()

Question 5: Outline the steps you took to get to your final CNN architecture and your reasoning at each step. Describe why you think the architecture is suitable for the current problem.

Answer: InceptionV3 provide higher accuracy with less computational demand as refer on this blog: https://www.gowrishankar.info/blog/resnet50-vs-inceptionv3-vs-xception-vs-nasnet-introduction-to-transfer-learning/

In [62]:
train_InceptionV3.shape
Out[62]:
(6680, 5, 5, 2048)
In [12]:
### TODO: Define your architecture.
model_InceptionV3 = Sequential()
model_InceptionV3.add(GlobalAveragePooling2D(input_shape=(5, 5, 2048)))
model_InceptionV3.add(Dense(133, activation='softmax'))

model_InceptionV3.summary()
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #   
=================================================================
global_average_pooling2d_2 ( (None, 2048)              0         
_________________________________________________________________
dense_2 (Dense)              (None, 133)               272517    
=================================================================
Total params: 272,517
Trainable params: 272,517
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________

Check Robustness Model

This section provided evaluation using K-fold cross validation

(IMPLEMENTATION) Compile the Model

In [36]:
from sklearn.model_selection import KFold
import numpy as np


checkpointer = ModelCheckpoint(filepath='saved_models/weights.best.inceptionV3.hdf5', 
                           verbose=1, save_best_only=True)


num_folds = 10
batch_size = 60
no_epochs = 20

# Merge inputs and targets
inputs = np.concatenate((train_InceptionV3, valid_InceptionV3, test_InceptionV3), axis=0)
targets = np.concatenate((train_targets, valid_targets, test_targets), axis=0)

# Define the K-fold Cross Validator
kfold = KFold(n_splits=num_folds, shuffle=True)

optimizers = ['adam','rmsprop']
losses = ['sparse_categorical_crossentropy', 'categorical_crossentropy', 'kullback_leibler_divergence']

best_combination_parameters = ""
best_avg_acc = 0

# for optimizer in optimizers:
#     for loss in losses:
# Define per-fold score containers
acc_per_fold = []
loss_per_fold = []

# K-fold Cross Validation model evaluation
fold_no = 1
for train, test in kfold.split(inputs, targets):

    # Define the model architecture
    model_InceptionV3 = Sequential()
    model_InceptionV3.add(GlobalAveragePooling2D(input_shape=(5, 5, 2048)))
    model_InceptionV3.add(Dense(133, activation='softmax'))

    model_InceptionV3.compile(loss=losses[1], optimizer=optimizers[0], metrics=['accuracy'])


    # Generate a print
    print('------------------------------------------------------------------------')
    print(f'Training for fold {fold_no} ...')

    # Fit data to model
    history = model_InceptionV3.fit(inputs[train], targets[train],
              batch_size=batch_size,
              epochs=no_epochs,
              verbose=1)

    # Generate generalization metrics
    scores = model_InceptionV3.evaluate(inputs[test], targets[test], verbose=0)
    print(f'Score for fold {fold_no}: {model_InceptionV3.metrics_names[0]} of {scores[0]}; {model_InceptionV3.metrics_names[1]} of {scores[1]*100}%')
    acc_per_fold.append(scores[1] * 100)
    loss_per_fold.append(scores[0])

    # Increase fold number
    fold_no = fold_no + 1

# == Provide average scores ==
print('------------------------------------------------------------------------')
print('Score per fold')
for i in range(0, len(acc_per_fold)):
    print('------------------------------------------------------------------------')
    print(f'> Fold {i+1} - Loss: {loss_per_fold[i]} - Accuracy: {acc_per_fold[i]}%')
print('------------------------------------------------------------------------')
print('Average scores for all folds:')
print(f'> Accuracy: {np.mean(acc_per_fold)} (+- {np.std(acc_per_fold)})')
print(f'> Loss: {np.mean(loss_per_fold)}')
print('------------------------------------------------------------------------')
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Training for fold 1 ...
Epoch 1/20
7515/7515 [==============================] - 2s 224us/step - loss: 1.3288 - acc: 0.6876
Epoch 2/20
7515/7515 [==============================] - 1s 164us/step - loss: 0.4103 - acc: 0.8732
Epoch 3/20
7515/7515 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.2685 - acc: 0.9183
Epoch 4/20
7515/7515 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.1901 - acc: 0.9418
Epoch 5/20
7515/7515 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.1440 - acc: 0.9607
Epoch 6/20
7515/7515 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.1067 - acc: 0.9738
Epoch 7/20
7515/7515 [==============================] - 1s 160us/step - loss: 0.0767 - acc: 0.9855
Epoch 8/20
7515/7515 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0670 - acc: 0.9871
Epoch 9/20
7515/7515 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.0557 - acc: 0.9906
Epoch 10/20
7515/7515 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0426 - acc: 0.9948
Epoch 11/20
7515/7515 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0376 - acc: 0.9955
Epoch 12/20
7515/7515 [==============================] - 1s 156us/step - loss: 0.0330 - acc: 0.9963
Epoch 13/20
7515/7515 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0302 - acc: 0.9960
Epoch 14/20
7515/7515 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0246 - acc: 0.9983
Epoch 15/20
7515/7515 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.0230 - acc: 0.9975
Epoch 16/20
7515/7515 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0228 - acc: 0.9971
Epoch 17/20
7515/7515 [==============================] - 1s 160us/step - loss: 0.0188 - acc: 0.9977
Epoch 18/20
7515/7515 [==============================] - 1s 160us/step - loss: 0.0176 - acc: 0.9977
Epoch 19/20
7515/7515 [==============================] - 1s 160us/step - loss: 0.0160 - acc: 0.9979
Epoch 20/20
7515/7515 [==============================] - 1s 156us/step - loss: 0.0146 - acc: 0.9985
Score for fold 1: loss of 0.5347701664738308; acc of 86.00478468899522%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Training for fold 2 ...
Epoch 1/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 2s 212us/step - loss: 1.3111 - acc: 0.6868
Epoch 2/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.4088 - acc: 0.8736
Epoch 3/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.2789 - acc: 0.9135
Epoch 4/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 156us/step - loss: 0.1950 - acc: 0.9413
Epoch 5/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 160us/step - loss: 0.1420 - acc: 0.9578
Epoch 6/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 161us/step - loss: 0.1029 - acc: 0.9778
Epoch 7/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 163us/step - loss: 0.0819 - acc: 0.9832
Epoch 8/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 160us/step - loss: 0.0648 - acc: 0.9894
Epoch 9/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0520 - acc: 0.9922
Epoch 10/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0448 - acc: 0.9951
Epoch 11/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0369 - acc: 0.9952
Epoch 12/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0311 - acc: 0.9967
Epoch 13/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0308 - acc: 0.9955
Epoch 14/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 160us/step - loss: 0.0249 - acc: 0.9981
Epoch 15/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0246 - acc: 0.9965
Epoch 16/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 155us/step - loss: 0.0201 - acc: 0.9983
Epoch 17/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0163 - acc: 0.9988
Epoch 18/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0146 - acc: 0.9995
Epoch 19/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0154 - acc: 0.9977
Epoch 20/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0143 - acc: 0.9984
Score for fold 2: loss of 0.5234211865355244; acc of 85.9880239520958%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Training for fold 3 ...
Epoch 1/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 2s 218us/step - loss: 1.3405 - acc: 0.6816
Epoch 2/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 160us/step - loss: 0.4134 - acc: 0.8713
Epoch 3/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 160us/step - loss: 0.2714 - acc: 0.9129
Epoch 4/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.1929 - acc: 0.9427
Epoch 5/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 160us/step - loss: 0.1454 - acc: 0.9580
Epoch 6/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.1005 - acc: 0.9738
Epoch 7/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0819 - acc: 0.9824
Epoch 8/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0629 - acc: 0.9898
Epoch 9/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0537 - acc: 0.9927
Epoch 10/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0475 - acc: 0.9927
Epoch 11/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 160us/step - loss: 0.0369 - acc: 0.9960
Epoch 12/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 163us/step - loss: 0.0301 - acc: 0.9968
Epoch 13/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0278 - acc: 0.9972
Epoch 14/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.0300 - acc: 0.9956
Epoch 15/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0234 - acc: 0.9969
Epoch 16/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0221 - acc: 0.9975
Epoch 17/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0172 - acc: 0.9985
Epoch 18/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0162 - acc: 0.9988
Epoch 19/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0178 - acc: 0.9972
Epoch 20/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0133 - acc: 0.9989
Score for fold 3: loss of 0.6160904365385363; acc of 84.31137725264726%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Training for fold 4 ...
Epoch 1/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 2s 213us/step - loss: 1.3110 - acc: 0.6868
Epoch 2/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.4090 - acc: 0.8687
Epoch 3/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.2772 - acc: 0.9146
Epoch 4/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.1873 - acc: 0.9443
Epoch 5/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.1357 - acc: 0.9653
Epoch 6/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.1046 - acc: 0.9746
Epoch 7/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 160us/step - loss: 0.0759 - acc: 0.9872
Epoch 8/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 162us/step - loss: 0.0618 - acc: 0.9907
Epoch 9/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 161us/step - loss: 0.0532 - acc: 0.9920
Epoch 10/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 161us/step - loss: 0.0438 - acc: 0.9937
Epoch 11/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0339 - acc: 0.9967
Epoch 12/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 160us/step - loss: 0.0296 - acc: 0.9973
Epoch 13/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 160us/step - loss: 0.0271 - acc: 0.9979
Epoch 14/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0245 - acc: 0.9979
Epoch 15/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 160us/step - loss: 0.0241 - acc: 0.9968
Epoch 16/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0196 - acc: 0.9979
Epoch 17/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0160 - acc: 0.9992
Epoch 18/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 161us/step - loss: 0.0176 - acc: 0.9984
Epoch 19/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0151 - acc: 0.9985
Epoch 20/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 161us/step - loss: 0.0139 - acc: 0.9988
Score for fold 4: loss of 0.5498550819913427; acc of 85.26946107784431%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Training for fold 5 ...
Epoch 1/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 2s 214us/step - loss: 1.3141 - acc: 0.6861
Epoch 2/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.4039 - acc: 0.8739
Epoch 3/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.2701 - acc: 0.9164
Epoch 4/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.1886 - acc: 0.9440
Epoch 5/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.1406 - acc: 0.9609
Epoch 6/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.1069 - acc: 0.9731
Epoch 7/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0796 - acc: 0.9832
Epoch 8/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0645 - acc: 0.9895
Epoch 9/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0530 - acc: 0.9907
Epoch 10/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0438 - acc: 0.9941
Epoch 11/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0366 - acc: 0.9955
Epoch 12/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0315 - acc: 0.9959
Epoch 13/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0281 - acc: 0.9971
Epoch 14/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0251 - acc: 0.9975
Epoch 15/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0249 - acc: 0.9967
Epoch 16/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 160us/step - loss: 0.0197 - acc: 0.9979
Epoch 17/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0189 - acc: 0.9979
Epoch 18/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0170 - acc: 0.9981
Epoch 19/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.0202 - acc: 0.9971
Epoch 20/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0157 - acc: 0.9973
Score for fold 5: loss of 0.5501932950790771; acc of 85.62874252210834%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Training for fold 6 ...
Epoch 1/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 2s 216us/step - loss: 1.2999 - acc: 0.6796
Epoch 2/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.4039 - acc: 0.8700
Epoch 3/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.2785 - acc: 0.9135
Epoch 4/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.1880 - acc: 0.9439
Epoch 5/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.1362 - acc: 0.9650
Epoch 6/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.1086 - acc: 0.9723
Epoch 7/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0805 - acc: 0.9838
Epoch 8/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 160us/step - loss: 0.0619 - acc: 0.9904
Epoch 9/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0555 - acc: 0.9900
Epoch 10/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.0444 - acc: 0.9940
Epoch 11/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0365 - acc: 0.9951
Epoch 12/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0323 - acc: 0.9964
Epoch 13/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0277 - acc: 0.9968
Epoch 14/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0236 - acc: 0.9977
Epoch 15/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 161us/step - loss: 0.0229 - acc: 0.9976
Epoch 16/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0198 - acc: 0.9983
Epoch 17/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0187 - acc: 0.9980
Epoch 18/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 160us/step - loss: 0.0158 - acc: 0.9988
Epoch 19/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0150 - acc: 0.9985
Epoch 20/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.0136 - acc: 0.9985
Score for fold 6: loss of 0.5058379960631182; acc of 86.7065868263473%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Training for fold 7 ...
Epoch 1/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 2s 219us/step - loss: 1.3168 - acc: 0.6889
Epoch 2/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.4092 - acc: 0.8720
Epoch 3/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.2771 - acc: 0.9099
Epoch 4/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.1872 - acc: 0.9439
Epoch 5/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.1409 - acc: 0.9613
Epoch 6/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0994 - acc: 0.9782
Epoch 7/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0814 - acc: 0.9839
Epoch 8/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0623 - acc: 0.9894
Epoch 9/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 160us/step - loss: 0.0550 - acc: 0.9907
Epoch 10/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0441 - acc: 0.9936
Epoch 11/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0371 - acc: 0.9955
Epoch 12/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0313 - acc: 0.9968
Epoch 13/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0276 - acc: 0.9969
Epoch 14/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0266 - acc: 0.9971
Epoch 15/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0230 - acc: 0.9976
Epoch 16/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0193 - acc: 0.9984
Epoch 17/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0170 - acc: 0.9984
Epoch 18/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0175 - acc: 0.9980
Epoch 19/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0145 - acc: 0.9987
Epoch 20/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 160us/step - loss: 0.0139 - acc: 0.9988
Score for fold 7: loss of 0.5670178970087788; acc of 85.38922155688623%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Training for fold 8 ...
Epoch 1/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 2s 224us/step - loss: 1.3168 - acc: 0.6855
Epoch 2/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.4043 - acc: 0.8707
Epoch 3/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 155us/step - loss: 0.2739 - acc: 0.9122
Epoch 4/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.1923 - acc: 0.9443
Epoch 5/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.1383 - acc: 0.9615
Epoch 6/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.1038 - acc: 0.9733
Epoch 7/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0782 - acc: 0.9848
Epoch 8/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.0651 - acc: 0.9888
Epoch 9/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0537 - acc: 0.9915
Epoch 10/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.0445 - acc: 0.9933
Epoch 11/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 155us/step - loss: 0.0393 - acc: 0.9943
Epoch 12/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 156us/step - loss: 0.0323 - acc: 0.9964
Epoch 13/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.0264 - acc: 0.9971
Epoch 14/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.0236 - acc: 0.9981
Epoch 15/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.0214 - acc: 0.9980
Epoch 16/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0208 - acc: 0.9971
Epoch 17/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.0175 - acc: 0.9981
Epoch 18/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.0153 - acc: 0.9985
Epoch 19/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0151 - acc: 0.9977
Epoch 20/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.0151 - acc: 0.9980
Score for fold 8: loss of 0.5552012448059673; acc of 85.50898203592814%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Training for fold 9 ...
Epoch 1/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 2s 225us/step - loss: 1.3410 - acc: 0.6839
Epoch 2/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 160us/step - loss: 0.4155 - acc: 0.8705
Epoch 3/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.2729 - acc: 0.9127
Epoch 4/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 161us/step - loss: 0.1949 - acc: 0.9396
Epoch 5/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 161us/step - loss: 0.1367 - acc: 0.9642
Epoch 6/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.1026 - acc: 0.9772
Epoch 7/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.0814 - acc: 0.9826
Epoch 8/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 160us/step - loss: 0.0638 - acc: 0.9892
Epoch 9/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0517 - acc: 0.9922
Epoch 10/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0439 - acc: 0.9956
Epoch 11/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0380 - acc: 0.9957
Epoch 12/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.0328 - acc: 0.9955
Epoch 13/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0278 - acc: 0.9971
Epoch 14/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0237 - acc: 0.9984
Epoch 15/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.0201 - acc: 0.9988
Epoch 16/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0183 - acc: 0.9985
Epoch 17/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.0169 - acc: 0.9987
Epoch 18/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0147 - acc: 0.9991
Epoch 19/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 159us/step - loss: 0.0141 - acc: 0.9988
Epoch 20/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 156us/step - loss: 0.0139 - acc: 0.9988
Score for fold 9: loss of 0.5574289959897204; acc of 85.62874251497006%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Training for fold 10 ...
Epoch 1/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 2s 224us/step - loss: 1.3180 - acc: 0.6885
Epoch 2/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.4058 - acc: 0.8691
Epoch 3/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.2720 - acc: 0.9191
Epoch 4/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.1854 - acc: 0.9462
Epoch 5/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 156us/step - loss: 0.1362 - acc: 0.9625
Epoch 6/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.1029 - acc: 0.9758
Epoch 7/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 156us/step - loss: 0.0787 - acc: 0.9831
Epoch 8/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0616 - acc: 0.9898
Epoch 9/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0527 - acc: 0.9924
Epoch 10/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0410 - acc: 0.9945
Epoch 11/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.0382 - acc: 0.9951
Epoch 12/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0300 - acc: 0.9971
Epoch 13/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 156us/step - loss: 0.0289 - acc: 0.9972
Epoch 14/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0251 - acc: 0.9973
Epoch 15/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0224 - acc: 0.9977
Epoch 16/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 158us/step - loss: 0.0225 - acc: 0.9964
Epoch 17/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.0181 - acc: 0.9983
Epoch 18/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 156us/step - loss: 0.0165 - acc: 0.9981
Epoch 19/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.0161 - acc: 0.9980
Epoch 20/20
7516/7516 [==============================] - 1s 157us/step - loss: 0.0133 - acc: 0.9987
Score for fold 10: loss of 0.5884670594506367; acc of 84.4311377245509%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Score per fold
------------------------------------------------------------------------
> Fold 1 - Loss: 0.5347701664738308 - Accuracy: 86.00478468899522%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
> Fold 2 - Loss: 0.5234211865355244 - Accuracy: 85.9880239520958%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
> Fold 3 - Loss: 0.6160904365385363 - Accuracy: 84.31137725264726%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
> Fold 4 - Loss: 0.5498550819913427 - Accuracy: 85.26946107784431%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
> Fold 5 - Loss: 0.5501932950790771 - Accuracy: 85.62874252210834%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
> Fold 6 - Loss: 0.5058379960631182 - Accuracy: 86.7065868263473%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
> Fold 7 - Loss: 0.5670178970087788 - Accuracy: 85.38922155688623%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
> Fold 8 - Loss: 0.5552012448059673 - Accuracy: 85.50898203592814%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
> Fold 9 - Loss: 0.5574289959897204 - Accuracy: 85.62874251497006%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
> Fold 10 - Loss: 0.5884670594506367 - Accuracy: 84.4311377245509%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Average scores for all folds:
> Accuracy: 85.48670601523737 (+- 0.6783067179299086)
> Loss: 0.5548283359936532
------------------------------------------------------------------------
In [15]:
### TODO: Compile the model.
model_InceptionV3.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='adam', metrics=['accuracy'])

(IMPLEMENTATION) Train the Model

Train your model in the code cell below. Use model checkpointing to save the model that attains the best validation loss.

You are welcome to augment the training data, but this is not a requirement.

In [16]:
### TODO: Train the model.
checkpointer = ModelCheckpoint(filepath='saved_models/weights.best.inceptionV3.hdf5', 
                               verbose=1, save_best_only=True)

model_InceptionV3.fit(train_InceptionV3, train_targets, 
          validation_data=(valid_InceptionV3, valid_targets),
          epochs=epochs, batch_size=20, callbacks=[checkpointer], verbose=1)
Train on 6680 samples, validate on 835 samples
Epoch 1/25
6540/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 1.1964 - acc: 0.7020Epoch 00001: val_loss improved from inf to 0.68795, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.inceptionV3.hdf5
6680/6680 [==============================] - 3s 420us/step - loss: 1.1909 - acc: 0.7022 - val_loss: 0.6880 - val_acc: 0.7964
Epoch 2/25
6520/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.4086 - acc: 0.8727Epoch 00002: val_loss improved from 0.68795 to 0.60733, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.inceptionV3.hdf5
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 312us/step - loss: 0.4096 - acc: 0.8722 - val_loss: 0.6073 - val_acc: 0.8216
Epoch 3/25
6520/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.2418 - acc: 0.9198Epoch 00003: val_loss improved from 0.60733 to 0.59887, saving model to saved_models/weights.best.inceptionV3.hdf5
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 313us/step - loss: 0.2434 - acc: 0.9199 - val_loss: 0.5989 - val_acc: 0.8347
Epoch 4/25
6500/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.1524 - acc: 0.9526Epoch 00004: val_loss did not improve
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 310us/step - loss: 0.1516 - acc: 0.9530 - val_loss: 0.6573 - val_acc: 0.8251
Epoch 5/25
6520/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.0984 - acc: 0.9693Epoch 00005: val_loss did not improve
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 309us/step - loss: 0.0992 - acc: 0.9692 - val_loss: 0.6195 - val_acc: 0.8455
Epoch 6/25
6540/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.0716 - acc: 0.9794Epoch 00006: val_loss did not improve
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 311us/step - loss: 0.0718 - acc: 0.9793 - val_loss: 0.6033 - val_acc: 0.8599
Epoch 7/25
6520/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.0561 - acc: 0.9854Epoch 00007: val_loss did not improve
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 308us/step - loss: 0.0567 - acc: 0.9850 - val_loss: 0.6406 - val_acc: 0.8431
Epoch 8/25
6520/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.0580 - acc: 0.9844Epoch 00008: val_loss did not improve
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 310us/step - loss: 0.0582 - acc: 0.9841 - val_loss: 0.6476 - val_acc: 0.8419
Epoch 9/25
6580/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.0355 - acc: 0.9919Epoch 00009: val_loss did not improve
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 308us/step - loss: 0.0353 - acc: 0.9921 - val_loss: 0.6201 - val_acc: 0.8527
Epoch 10/25
6560/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.0254 - acc: 0.9939Epoch 00010: val_loss did not improve
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 307us/step - loss: 0.0264 - acc: 0.9936 - val_loss: 0.6518 - val_acc: 0.8455
Epoch 11/25
6500/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.0479 - acc: 0.9866Epoch 00011: val_loss did not improve
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 312us/step - loss: 0.0474 - acc: 0.9868 - val_loss: 0.6457 - val_acc: 0.8503
Epoch 12/25
6660/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.0580 - acc: 0.9829Epoch 00012: val_loss did not improve
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 306us/step - loss: 0.0580 - acc: 0.9828 - val_loss: 0.9120 - val_acc: 0.8156
Epoch 13/25
6520/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.0907 - acc: 0.9706Epoch 00013: val_loss did not improve
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 310us/step - loss: 0.0895 - acc: 0.9710 - val_loss: 0.8877 - val_acc: 0.8204
Epoch 14/25
6520/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.0554 - acc: 0.9851Epoch 00014: val_loss did not improve
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 310us/step - loss: 0.0555 - acc: 0.9850 - val_loss: 0.8865 - val_acc: 0.8395
Epoch 15/25
6540/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.0563 - acc: 0.9827Epoch 00015: val_loss did not improve
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 309us/step - loss: 0.0569 - acc: 0.9823 - val_loss: 0.8102 - val_acc: 0.8323
Epoch 16/25
6520/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.0189 - acc: 0.9956Epoch 00016: val_loss did not improve
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 308us/step - loss: 0.0188 - acc: 0.9954 - val_loss: 0.8693 - val_acc: 0.8407
Epoch 17/25
6540/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.0176 - acc: 0.9953Epoch 00017: val_loss did not improve
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 307us/step - loss: 0.0174 - acc: 0.9952 - val_loss: 0.8480 - val_acc: 0.8551
Epoch 18/25
6560/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.0196 - acc: 0.9945Epoch 00018: val_loss did not improve
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 308us/step - loss: 0.0194 - acc: 0.9946 - val_loss: 0.7865 - val_acc: 0.8539
Epoch 19/25
6500/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.0187 - acc: 0.9952Epoch 00019: val_loss did not improve
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 310us/step - loss: 0.0188 - acc: 0.9952 - val_loss: 0.8550 - val_acc: 0.8539
Epoch 20/25
6560/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.0324 - acc: 0.9922Epoch 00020: val_loss did not improve
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 308us/step - loss: 0.0332 - acc: 0.9918 - val_loss: 1.1194 - val_acc: 0.8120
Epoch 21/25
6620/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.0880 - acc: 0.9733Epoch 00021: val_loss did not improve
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 306us/step - loss: 0.0875 - acc: 0.9734 - val_loss: 1.2560 - val_acc: 0.8228
Epoch 22/25
6540/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.0928 - acc: 0.9763Epoch 00022: val_loss did not improve
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 308us/step - loss: 0.0921 - acc: 0.9762 - val_loss: 1.0884 - val_acc: 0.8204
Epoch 23/25
6520/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.0424 - acc: 0.9879Epoch 00023: val_loss did not improve
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 308us/step - loss: 0.0422 - acc: 0.9879 - val_loss: 1.0253 - val_acc: 0.8287
Epoch 24/25
6540/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.0218 - acc: 0.9937Epoch 00024: val_loss did not improve
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 309us/step - loss: 0.0214 - acc: 0.9939 - val_loss: 0.9001 - val_acc: 0.8467
Epoch 25/25
6500/6680 [============================>.] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.0135 - acc: 0.9969Epoch 00025: val_loss did not improve
6680/6680 [==============================] - 2s 308us/step - loss: 0.0140 - acc: 0.9969 - val_loss: 0.9319 - val_acc: 0.8551
Out[16]:
<keras.callbacks.History at 0x7f8c23a78358>

(IMPLEMENTATION) Load the Model with the Best Validation Loss

In [66]:
### TODO: Load the model weights with the best validation loss.
model_InceptionV3.load_weights('saved_models/weights.best.inceptionV3.hdf5')

(IMPLEMENTATION) Test the Model

Try out your model on the test dataset of dog images. Ensure that your test accuracy is greater than 60%.

In [67]:
### TODO: Calculate classification accuracy on the test dataset.
# get index of predicted dog breed for each image in test set
InceptionV3_predictions = [np.argmax(model_InceptionV3.predict(np.expand_dims(feature, axis=0))) for feature in test_InceptionV3]

# report test accuracy
test_accuracy = 100*np.sum(np.array(InceptionV3_predictions)==np.argmax(test_targets, axis=1))/len(InceptionV3_predictions)
print('Test accuracy: %.4f%%' % test_accuracy)
Test accuracy: 80.9809%
In [ ]:
 

(IMPLEMENTATION) Predict Dog Breed with the Model

Write a function that takes an image path as input and returns the dog breed (Affenpinscher, Afghan_hound, etc) that is predicted by your model.

Similar to the analogous function in Step 5, your function should have three steps:

  1. Extract the bottleneck features corresponding to the chosen CNN model.
  2. Supply the bottleneck features as input to the model to return the predicted vector. Note that the argmax of this prediction vector gives the index of the predicted dog breed.
  3. Use the dog_names array defined in Step 0 of this notebook to return the corresponding breed.

The functions to extract the bottleneck features can be found in extract_bottleneck_features.py, and they have been imported in an earlier code cell. To obtain the bottleneck features corresponding to your chosen CNN architecture, you need to use the function

extract_{network}

where {network}, in the above filename, should be one of VGG19, Resnet50, InceptionV3, or Xception.

In [68]:
### TODO: Write a function that takes a path to an image as input
### and returns the dog breed that is predicted by the model.
from extract_bottleneck_features import *

def InceptionV3_predict_breed(img_path):
    # extract bottleneck features
    bottleneck_feature = extract_InceptionV3(path_to_tensor(img_path))
    # obtain predicted vector
    predicted_vector = model_InceptionV3.predict(bottleneck_feature)
    # return dog breed that is predicted by the model
    return dog_names[np.argmax(predicted_vector)]

Step 6: Write your Algorithm

Write an algorithm that accepts a file path to an image and first determines whether the image contains a human, dog, or neither. Then,

  • if a dog is detected in the image, return the predicted breed.
  • if a human is detected in the image, return the resembling dog breed.
  • if neither is detected in the image, provide output that indicates an error.

You are welcome to write your own functions for detecting humans and dogs in images, but feel free to use the face_detector and dog_detector functions developed above. You are required to use your CNN from Step 5 to predict dog breed.

A sample image and output for our algorithm is provided below, but feel free to design your own user experience!

Sample Human Output

This photo looks like an Afghan Hound.

(IMPLEMENTATION) Write your Algorithm

In [69]:
### TODO: Write your algorithm.
### Feel free to use as many code cells as needed.

def breed_predictor(img_path):
    plt.imshow(Image.open(img_path))
    plt.show()
    
    if dog_detector(img_path):
        breed = InceptionV3_predict_breed(img_path).split('.')[-1]
        print(f"Detected as dog with breed: {breed}")
        return breed
    
    elif face_detector(img_path):
        breed = InceptionV3_predict_breed(img_path).split('.')[-1]
        print(f"Detected as a human with breed: {breed}")
        return breed
    
    else:
        return print("Not detected by our detector algorithm")

Step 7: Test Your Algorithm

In this section, you will take your new algorithm for a spin! What kind of dog does the algorithm think that you look like? If you have a dog, does it predict your dog's breed accurately? If you have a cat, does it mistakenly think that your cat is a dog?

(IMPLEMENTATION) Test Your Algorithm on Sample Images!

Test your algorithm at least six images on your computer. Feel free to use any images you like. Use at least two human and two dog images.

Question 6: Is the output better than you expected :) ? Or worse :( ? Provide at least three possible points of improvement for your algorithm.

Answer: Wow the result are quite remarkably, although the test dataset in quite ideal environment. Therefore, to make the model more robust, we might train them to non ideal environment. We might retrain them to augmented data to simulate non ideal cases, or for the model itself, we might use transformer based model (currently hype) to give higher result, at last, the finalized model may be optimized using TensorRT or Torchscipt for higher throughput with less infrastructure resources.

In [70]:
## TODO: Execute your algorithm from Step 6 on
## at least 6 images on your computer.
## Feel free to use as many code cells as needed.
from pathlib import Path
images_path = 'images/'
dataset_path = Path(images_path)

all_data_filenames = [
        data
        for data in dataset_path.glob("**/*")
        if data.name.lower().endswith(".jpg") 
]
for image_path in all_data_filenames:
    print(image_path)
    print(breed_predictor(str(image_path)))
images/Welsh_springer_spaniel_08203.jpg
Detected as dog with breed: Welsh_springer_spaniel
Welsh_springer_spaniel
images/Brittany_02625.jpg
Detected as dog with breed: Brittany
Brittany
images/Labrador_retriever_06449.jpg
Detected as dog with breed: Labrador_retriever
Labrador_retriever
images/Curly-coated_retriever_03896.jpg
Detected as dog with breed: Curly-coated_retriever
Curly-coated_retriever
images/Labrador_retriever_06455.jpg
Detected as dog with breed: Labrador_retriever
Labrador_retriever
images/Labrador_retriever_06457.jpg
Detected as dog with breed: Labrador_retriever
Labrador_retriever
images/human-like-dog.jpg
Detected as dog with breed: Portuguese_water_dog
Portuguese_water_dog
images/American_water_spaniel_00648.jpg
Detected as dog with breed: Portuguese_water_dog
Portuguese_water_dog
In [71]:
print(breed_predictor(human_files[1000]))
Detected as a human with breed: Silky_terrier
Silky_terrier
In [72]:
print(breed_predictor("images/human-like-dog.jpg"))
Detected as dog with breed: Portuguese_water_dog
Portuguese_water_dog
In [ ]: